The endophase takes place after the female deposits its eggs into oviposition holes at the tip of the apical shoot. During the exophase, adult weevils live on the outside of the tree and feed on its bark without causing substantial damage to the host. The spruce weevil annual life cycle can be divided into 2 major phases, the exophase and endophase ( Whitehill and Bohlmann 2019). strobi as spruce weevil ( Whitehill and Bohlmann 2019). engelmannii) spruce, as well as their hybrid ( P. In western North America it is referred to as spruce weevil as its primary hosts there are Sitka ( Picea sitchensis), white (P. strobi is commonly known as white pine weevil as its major host in that geographic location is the eastern white pine ( Pinus strobus). For instance, in eastern North America, P. strobi differ in relation to geographic origin and host association ( Laffin et al. Pissodes strobi was long considered 3 distinct species due to its broad geographic and host range, but it was later recognized as a single species following multiple lines of genetic analysis ( Smith and Sugden 1969 Langor and Sperling 1995, 1997 Phillips and Lanier 2000 Laffin et al.

Pissodes strobi is a highly destructive weevil pest of North American conifers requiring millions of dollars annually for screening and monitoring programs ( Ebata 1991 King and Alfaro 2009). Curculionidae evolved initially in close associations with gymnosperms, including conifers, during the Jurassic period and further diversified on angiosperms during the Cretaceous ( Gunter et al. Amongst the beetles, Curculionidae (or, “true weevils”) are a heterogeneous taxon with more than 60,000 mostly herbivorous species that include some of the world’s most devastating forest and agricultural pests ( Oberprieler et al. Curculionidae, Pissodes strobi, spruce weevil, forest pest, genome size, transposable elements, Wolbachia, endosymbiont Introductionīeetles (Coleoptera) are the largest order of insects representing more than 400,000 extant species.

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